Please donate to my deCODEme Test.
Genealogical Studies of the
Y-Chromosome and the Mitochondria / Genetische Studien des Y-Chromosomes und der Mitochondrien
= Responsible Genetic Genealogy / Verantwortliche Genetische Ahnenforschung
I recently gave a presentation about genealogical DNA Testing: http://dirkschweitzer.net/GeneticGenealogy-DS.pdf, check it out, and please test yourself! 
Once you have your test results, feel free to contact me and let me know your test results!
1.) The Y-chromosome is
always transmitted from a father to his sons, thus by studying one's
Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) one learns about one's direct line of male descent = patrilinear
descent: test male => Father => Father =>
Father... => East Africa where anatomically modern human developed.
http://www.isogg.org/tree/index.html
2.) The mitochondria are
always transmitted from a mother to her children, thus by studying one's
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) one learns about one's direct line of female descent = matrilinear
descent: test person => Mother => Mother
=> Mother... => East Africa where anatomically modern human
developed.
3.) By studying appropriate
relatives (brothers, sisters, cousins, uncles, aunts...) one can study other lines of descent.
4.) Eventually, one should
have data for at least 67 markers and the SNPs on each Y-chromosome
of one's descent, and for HVRI & II for all of one's mitochondrial
lines of descent. In other words, every DNA sample of a male should be tested for at least 67 markers & the SNPs, as well as HVR1&2 on the mitochondria; while every female DNA sample should be tested for HVR1&2. SNPs, markers, and HVRI & HVRII are somewhat explained here. A much better explanation of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms which define the "haplogroup.") and markers (The series / string of one's marker lengths / values is called "haplotype.") can be found here.
5.) One can then compare
one's results with those of other people to better understand one's ancient migration
route & history, historic descent, and to find long-missing relatives. Eventually,
one will be able to say: "My ancestor "a" was present at time
"b" at geographic location "c" and thus participated in
historic event "d". I call this personalized archaeology. Professor J. Douglas McDonald of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign compiled very informative maps, showing the worldwide distribution of Y-DNA and mitochondrial haplogroups. Check out the worldwide occurrences of the following haplogroups: Y-DNA =
E3b, Mt-DNA = J, and Mt-DNA = T. Of course, each haplogroup contains several distinct 'subhaplogroups,' with each of which having its own distribution among different peoples on Earth and its own, distinct migration history.
The comparison of one's own DNA results with those of other people, who know their own heritage, allows one to identify or rediscover one's Jewish, Native American, Viking, Balkans, etc. background / culture / identity / (ethnic) origin / heritage / ancestry etc. 
For Y-DNA
comparisons: http://www.ysearch.org/.
For mitochondrial
DNA comparisons: http://www.mitosearch.org/.
Everyone should join appropriate geographic, haplogroup, and surname projects. Of course, you can also found a new project. And, of course, everyone is welcome to become one of my proteges. 
6.) Y-DNA: if you have high matches, such as 60/67, within the same SNP-test confirmed haplogroup, then you should contact these people, ask them about where and when their ancestors along these lines of descent lived. There is a high chance you will find a connection showing that you are relatives, e.g., your respective ancestors lived in the same geographic region in the same time period. 
Mt-DNA: if you have a match on both HVR1 and HVR2, then both of you should have the complete mitochondrial sequence tested. If your complete mitochondrial sequences are identical, then this is about equivalent to a 37/37 match on Y-DNA, i.e., both of you share a common ancestor within the last ~ 1000 years.
7.) There are many groups of people who study and analyze the results of different Y-chromosomal haplogroups and mitochondrial haplogroups in detail. For example, for Y-chromosomal haplogroup E3b (M35+, since 2007-10-21 the correct name is E1b1b1), these two places are the key meeting points for interested people: http://www.ftdna.com/public/E3b/index.aspx?fixed_columns=on & http://haplozone.net/e3b/project/. A general meeting place for interested people is http://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/index/GENEALOGY-DNA/.
8.) Private / Independent Genealogy Researchers / Ahnenforscher also have their own publication: The Journal of Genetic Genealogy. If you have good research results, please consider publishing them in it. The blog of JoGG can be found here.
9.) There are now more than 30 companies which offer genealogical DNA testing. However, only two of them are known to introduce new products and offer good customer service. They are FamilyTreeDNA http://www.familytreedna.com/ in the USA and EthnoAncestry http://www.ethnoancestry.com/ in the UK. Both companies offer their genealogical DNA tests to everyone, regardless in which country one lives. Testing with FT-DNA is preferable, because they have the best customer service, and they also test SNPs and do often introduce new products, such as the V-series SNP test downstream of M35-M78 within haplogroup E3b, whose correct name since 2007-10-21 is E1b1b1. The European brach office of Family Tree DNA is iGENEA in Switzerland. Both Family Tree DNA and iGENEA offer exactly the same tests. However, because of the weak Dollar course in comparison to the Euro, testing via Family Tree DNA maybe financially advantageous.
10.) If one joins a project
with FamilyTreeDNA, one obtains a small discount (discounts, special, special sale, sales, on sale, rebate, rebates, coupon, coupons). By joining any project, one can obtain up to a 33.56% discount on the cost of a DNA test! I recommend that every male tests himself for "Y-DNA-67" and "mtDNA-Plus", while every female should test herself for "mtDNA-Plus". Everyone is very welcome to
join my project http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Kogel/
(Click on "Request to Join this Group" in the upper left corner
followed by "I want to purchase a test to join this Project") in
order to obtain this discount from FamilyTreeDNA. FT-DNA sends their DNA testing kits to every country worldwide, thus also to Europe, Germany, France, Switzerland, Austria, etc.. 
11.) In case you have
yourself already tested via the Genographic Project, please log into your account at National Geographic, go to the section at the bottom of the page labeled "What else can I do
with my results?" and click on the "Learn More" Link to follow
the simple instructions to transfer your results to FamilyTreeDNA.
& 
& 
etc.) is the most logical thing to
do. More DNA tests are necessary to find wide, as of now unknown, relatives. After having established your FT-DNA account, please join different
projects and if you are predicted to be of haplogroup E3b, you MUST
join the world-wide E3b (M35+, E1b1b1) Project.
12.) Recently, an article was published in Science by Deborah Bolnick, Duana Fullwiley, Troy Duster, Richard Cooper, Joan Fujimura, Jonathan Kahn, Jay Kaufman, Jonathan Marks, Ann Morning, Alondra Nelson, Pilar Ossorio, Jenny Reardon, Susan Reverby, and Kimberly TallBear entitled "The Science and Business of Genetic Ancestry Testing" presenting the authors' opinion and understanding about genealogical DNA testing. In response to this article, I would like to offer the following comments:
12.a.) Concerning autosomal DNA or so-called "biogeographical ancestry" tests, yes, I agree, they are very inexact, and just rely on average values in different populations. Here is a good description about how they work: http://shrn.stanford.edu/workshops/revisitingrace/Shriver_Kittles_2004.pdf.
12.b.) Concerning the testing of Y-DNA & mitochondrial DNA, the authors failed to mention the following facts: 
12.b.1.) Besides testing one's own mitochondria (= matrilinear descent) and Y-DNA (= patrilinear descent), or that of one's brother or father in the case of a woman, one can also test many relatives (cousins, uncles, aunts...) so as to obtain the knowledge about one's descent along other lines. This is demonstrated in the diagram at the beginning of this document. For example, for myself, I already know my own and my maternal grandfather's Y-DNA (= line of descent) as well as my own and my paternal grandmother's mitochondrial DNA (= line of descent). I am in the process of getting DNA samples of 3 wide relatives in order to learn about 3 other lines of my own descent.
12.b.2.) As has been discussed many times, the actual number of ones ancestors is, only a few generations ago, much smaller than the expected 2n, this is called "Pedigree Collapse." The German Wikipedia entry has a nice table with actual numbers of the pedigree collapse in 3 famous people: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnenverlust.
12.b.3.) As has also been discussed many times, the DNA in the 44 'other chromosomes' recombines during every reproductive event, so that after just a few generations ago, the total DNA of a man is to 2.2% (1/46 x 100, yes, I am neglecting the length of the chromosomes.) identical with that of his patrilinear ancestor! In contrast, one's DNA which was also present in anyone of all of the other ancestors at the nth generation ago is much smaller than 1%!
12.b.4.) The study of one's Y-DNA is also supported by the fact that for the last ~ 1000 years, for men in most of southern and central Europe, where family names were introduced between the years of ~ 900 and ~ 1100 C.E., assuming all the mothers were honest, 
the Y-chromosome was always parallel to one's family name!
12.b.5.) The Y-chromosome makes a Person a Man. Thus, every Man has to study his Y-chromosome to learn / know / understand / identify his (cultural) identity / origin / culture / heritage / ancestry!
12.b.6.) The analysis (meaning, linguistic changes over time, etc.) of one's family name / surname, as well as the pattern of first names along one's different lines of descent, is an integral part of the study of one's ancestry/descent/identity!
12.c.) I am shocked, but not surprised, that Science has now fallen to such a low scientific standard that it has space in its pages to print the following 2 statements.
12.c.1.) "Genetic ancestry testing also has serious consequences. Test-takers may reshape their personal identities, and they may suffer emotional distress if test results are unexpected or undesired."
So, what is the problem with the truth? It is always better to know the truth than to live with a lie. The only one who is afraid of the truth is a woman with a secret. 
She is worried that her partner / husband / boyfriend will test the DNA of 'their' children and will find out that he is not the biological father = paternity test. This is called a False Paternity Event (FPE). Some people call it a "NPE = Non-paternity Event", which is a totally wrong term, since (a) every child has a father and (b) there was always a guy who thought that he is the father, i.e., he was misled by the mother into believing that he is the father. Guys, test the DNA of you and 'your' son (sons, child, children, daughter, daughters [The advanced tests also allow X-chromosome testing, of which a daughter carries one from her a father.]), you want to be certain, or? 
The easiest way to find out, is to do secretly a "Y-DNA12: 12 Marker Test" on you and your (?) son!
12.c.2.) "Test-takers may also change how they report their race or ethnicity on governmental forms, college or job applications, and medical questionnaires."
So, what is the problem here? Concerning "medical questionnaires", the physician sees how much melanin a person has in his/her skin, so there is no need to look at a medical form to find out this information.
Concerning "governmental forms", to tell the truth, I hope, since DNA testing shows that we are all related only a few 100s of years ago, that it will cause the USA government's system of judging & categorizing ("race") people solely based on the melanin contents of their skin to break down.
Concerning "college or job applications", well, Affirmative Action was always a ridiculous concept. People should be hired and promoted based on their abilities, skills, and knowledge, and not based on the melanin contents of their skin and their gender! I propose we all mark "African American" on these forms, since all modern humans outside of Africa descent from a small group that left Africa to colonized the rest of the Planet.
13.) Whom to test?
In the ideal case one just needs to buy 2 DNA testing kits: one for one's dad and one for the brother of one's mom. One obtains the info about one's own Y-DNA haplogroup (= patrilinear descent) and one's paternal grandmother's line of descent from testing one's father. While one obtains the knowledge of one's own mitochondrial haplogroup (= matrilinear descent) and the Y-chromosomal haplogroup of one's maternal grandfather's line of descent from testing the brother of one's mother. One can order these 2 DNA testing kits either from the Genographic Project (Mark 'male' on the enclosed form if you are testing a male.), and then later transfering the results to FT-DNA for additional tests, see point 11.) above, or directly order these 2 DNA testing kits from FTDNA by going to any project's webpage, and clicking on "Request to Join this Group" in the upper left corner
followed by "I want to purchase a test to join this Project" (If you are testing a male, order any of the YDNA12/25/37/67 tests. The more marker one has tested, the better.). The cost is the same regardless if one orders a test via the Genographic Project, or directly through Family Tree DNA. The difference is that the Genographic Project provides 2 'Q-tips' to collect DNA by swiping the inside of the 'study subject's' cheeks together with a nice CD and booklet / brochure which explain many aspects of genealogical DNA testing, while the test kit from Family Tree DNA provides one with 3 'Q-tips' to collect DNA. Having more DNA on file is especially important if one tests an elderly relative, because once he / she has died one cannot collect his / her DNA anymore! Thus, it is especially important to first test in one's family the elderly or failing-health relatives!
14.) I personally think / suggest / recommend that every Shoah / Shoa / Holocaust survivor, or his / her child / children or grandchild / grandchildren has his or her or their DNA tested. This will enable one to find lost relatives! There is an organization offering such DNA tests, however the very same DNA tests which this organization uses are the ones used in Genetic Genealogy: testing the DNA / DNS of a man's Y-chromosome and mitochondria, and testing the DNA / DNS of a woman's mitochondria.
15.) For everyone in Genetic Genealogy it is extremely important that more people have their DNA tested! Thus, please test far relatives of you to study other lines of your own descent, talk into testing, or sponsor them, people who share your family name / surname, and please talk your friends and co-workers into DNA testing.
For young people: "Everyone who owns an iPod can also afford a DNA test!"
For 30's+ people: "Everyone who owns an SUV can also afford a DNA test!"
Please remind everyone who tested via the Genographic Project to transfer his/her results to FT-DNA! The Genographic Project has over 220,000 public testing participants so far, but only ~ 57,000 of them have so far transfered their results to FT-DNA, see point 11.) above. Over 150,000 tests that are lost!!!!!
16.) The abbreviation for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism - SNP - is often mispronounced as "snip". Every intelligent person / man / woman / husband / wife / spouse / lover / father / mother / friend / boyfriend / girlfriend / cousin / brother / sister / child / kid / Uncle / Aunt / Mann / Frau / Gatte / Gattin / Liebhaber / Liebhaberin / Date / Freund / Freundin / Vetter / Base / Cousin / Cousine / Kusin / Kusine / Bruder / Schwester / Kind / Onkel / Tante knows that in English abbreviations consisting only of consonants, or starting with a vowel but otherwise only contain consonants, are pronounced as the series of consonants. Examples are BMW (the car company), CVS (the pharmacy chain), GE (General Electric), MCI, AT&T, USA, CBS, NBC, BBC, and ABC (the News organisations / TV & Radio stations). In contrast, abbreviations containing open (consonant-vowel or vowel-consonant) or closed (consonant-vowel-consonant) syllables are pronounced as if they were a single word. An example is NATO (the military pact). Thus, the only correct way to speak SNP is S-N-P! That is easy linguistics to understand and to follow, or?
17.) Several new companies (deCODEme, 23andMe, Navigenics) are now on the market offering personalized whole genome SNP typing (genotyping, testing, measuring, determining, personal genomics, personalized genomics). They are typing millions of SNPs, most of which are potentially related to some inherited disease. So, if one finds that one has a specific SNP, one knows that one will eventually, with certainty if one lives long enough, develop a specific disease! That's fun, or? ...knowing with certainty that one will develop a disease! For everyone who took such a whole genome SNP typing test and needs help understanding and interpreting his or her results, I offer cheap, but quality consultation service.
From http://www.portfolio.com/news-markets/national-news/portfolio/2007/10/15/23andMe-Web-Site#page3:
Many physicians and ethicists are also uncomfortable with the idea of websites delivering genetic results directly to consumers, especially for diseases that have no cure. ... “This should not be taken lightly,” agrees Jonathan Rothberg, co-founder of the gene-sequencing company Raindance Technologies and a geneticist whose previous company, 454 Life Sciences, sequenced the genome of famed geneticist James Watson. Rothberg says he’s a fan of online gene services but cautions that they need to be used responsibly. “People shouldn’t be surfing through serious medical data. Some of it is fun — genealogy is fun. But I had a cousin who killed herself when she found out she had Huntington’s disease.”
Do I think such a whole genome SNP test is necessary?
Well, you already know from the medical history of your grandparents if there are inherited genetic diseases within your family / ancestry. If your grandparents suffered from some disease, you are very likely to be also effected by it. There are also Western life-style-associated diseases, such as Adult-onset Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus type 2, Type 2 Diabetese, non-insulin-dependent Diabetes (NIDDM), obesity-related Diabetes) which you can very easily avoid just by living healthy!
How to live healthy?
That is easy. My seven recommendations for living healthy are: (a) don't smoke, (b) eat as little processed food as possible, (c) eat daily lots of fruits & vegetables, you know, "5 a Day - The Color Way", (d) exercise (hard physical labor, running, swimming, biking, bicycle riding) nearly daily, (e) eat your daily dose of Turmeric powder [(Curcuma longa, Tumeric, Kunyit, Haldi, Kurkuma, Kurkume, Gelber Ingwer, Safran-, Gelb-, Gilbwurz(el), Curcumin) There is even a phrase / saying / Sprichwort in German: "Safran im Kuchen hält den Arzt weg."], (f) eat fish several times a week (Almost all of your protein should come from fish.), and (g) eat daily a handful of almonds which were soaked in water overnight.
How about if you already took the deCODEme or 23andMe test, and now don't know what to do with the newly gained knowledge?
> "Telling me that I am predisposed to age-related macular degeneration,
> Alzheimer's disease, asthma, atrial fibrillation, breast cancer,
> celiac disease, colorectal cancer, Crohn's disease,
> exfoliation glaucoma XFG, hemochromatosis, lactose intolerance,
> multiple sclerosis, myocardial infarction, obesity, prostate cancer,
> psoriasis, restless legs syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis,
> type 1 diabetes (juvenile diabetes), type 2 diabetes (adult-onset diabetes),
> alcohol flush reaction, bitter taste perception, earwax type, heart attack,
> HIV/AIDS resistance, muscle performance, or venous thromboembolism
> just isn't that useful unless you can also offer a treatment that works better
> or is cheaper than the existing treatments."
I think "treatment" is too late. Instead of thinking about treatment options after taking such a whole genome DNA test to see if one is predisposed towards diseases,
one should instead initiate preventive measures!
Thus, in summary, I do not think such a whole genome SNP test is really necessary. If you are 'just' interested in studying / identifying / knowing / learning your ancient migration history = know where your ancestor / ancestors come from / historic descent / Herkunft / Abstammung and are interested in extending your family tree / Ahnentafel / Stammbaum / Familienstammbaum and want to identify / find new - close or wide / far - relatives, testing your DNA via Family Tree DNA is the way to go! The genetic Genealogy / genetische Ahnenforschungs- Tests of Family Tree DNA do not reveal any information of medical importance / significance, with the only exception being the determination of the whole mitochondrial sequence. In addition, Family Tree DNA's DNA / DNS tests are much cheaper / less expensive / have a lower cost!
18.) Everyone, whose mitochondria are of haplogroup B, is very much welcome to join my mt-DNA=B project. Mitochondrial haplogroup B is one of the four major matrilinear Native American lineages. However, it is also the only mitochondrial haplogroup whose distribution encompasses both sides of the Pacific Ocean: the Americas, Polynesia, the Philippines, Japan, China, Indonesia, Thailand, and has even been found in Madagascar. Just what is the connection between the peoples of the Americas and those of Oceania? Was America also populated from Southeast Asia via the Pacific Isles; in addition to the well-known migration from Asia across the Bering Strait?
19.) Everyone, whose Y-DNA / Y-chromosome is of haplogroup E3b, is very much welcome to join the worldwide E3b Project. The non-FT-DNA site of the E3b Project is here and also has a very active community area. Check it out! E3b encompasses all of these subhaplogroups and mutations / SNPs: E3b*, E3b1, E3b1*, E3b1a, E3b1a*, E3b1a1, E3b1a1*, E3b1a1a, E3b1a2, E3b1a2*, E3b1a2a, E3b1a2b, E3b1a3, E3b1a3*, E3b1a3a, E3b1a3b, E3b1a4, E3b1b, E3b1b*, E3b1b1, E3b1b2, E3b1c, E3b1c*, E3b1c1, E3b1c1*, E3b1c1a, E3b1c1b, E3b1d, E3b1e, M215, M35, M78, V12, V32, V13, V36, V27, M224, V22, M148, V19, V65, M81, M183, M107, M165, M123, M34, M84, M136, M290, M281, and V6. Each of which has a different history and thus different ethnic and geographic distribution. The worldwide E3b Project's goal is to study and understand all of the subclades / sub-clades / subhaplogroups / sub-haplogroups of the E3b = M215 haplogroup. Thus, if you are of haplogroup E3b, please join our project and participate in it. Thanks, Dirk
20.) Everyone, whose family name / surname is "Kogel" or any of its variants, such as Gogel, Cogel, Kokel, Kugel, Kukel, Kugen, Kuken, Gokel, Cokel, Kohel, Gohel, Cohel, Kogen, Gogen, Cogen, Koken, Goken, Coken, Kohen, Gohen, Cohen, and Cohila, is very much welcome to join The worldwide Kogel Family Name DNA Project. Since "Kogel" is a very rare surname, however present in many countries (USA > 12x, Germany > 2x, Sweden > 1x, the United Kingdom > 2x, the Netherlands > 6x, Belgium > 2x, Costa Rica > 7x, Spain > 1x), it is likely that there was a single founder several 100's of years ago, whose descendants were then forced to leave the original country in which the person lived, who first carried the family name 'Kogel.' Regradless in which country you currently live or your religious affiliation, please join this project and have your Y-DNA tested. Anyone who has co-workers, neighbors, friends, or relatives with the family name "Kogel", please tell them or your brother, father, or husband about this project. Thanks, Dirk.
21.) All, whose patrilinear (= direct male) ancestor was at some point German-speaking, are very much invited to join the German Language Area DNA Research Project. It does not matter where you currently live (Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Luxembourg, France, Denmark, Belgium, Namibia, Republic of South Africa, Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Poland, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Whiterussia (Belarus), Lithuania, Canada, USA, Israel, Brasil, Argentinia, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Columbia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexico, Uruguay, Paraguay, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand etc.) or what your religious affiliation is. Thanks, Dirk.
Please do provide your project administrators with the names, dates, and locations of your earliest known patrilinear (= direct male) and matrilinear (= direct female) ancestors. This will help all of us to make connections, i.e., genealogy, between distant branches of the same family.
22.) Alle, deren patrilinearer (= direkter männlicher) Vorfahre jemals Deutsch zur Muttersprache hatte, sind herzlich eingeladen, dem DNA Forschungsprojekt des gesamten Deutschen Sprachraumes beizutreten. Es ist egal wo Du jetzt wohnst (Deutschland, Schweiz, Liechtenstein, Österreich, Luxemburg, Frankreich, Dänemark, Belgien, Namibia, Republik Südafrika, Polen, Niederlande, Tschechien, Slowakei, Slovenien, Italien, Ungarn, Rumänien, Russland, Ukraine, Weißrussland, Litauen, Kanada, USA, Israel, Brasilien, Argentinien, Ekuador, Chile, Bolivien, Peru, Kolumbien, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Mexiko, Uruguay, Paraguay, Vereinigtes Königreich, Australien, Neuseeland usw.) oder welcher Religion Du angehörst. Danke, Dirk.
Bitte gebe Deinen Projektadministratoren den Namen, das ungefähre (Geburts- oder Todes-) Datum, und den Ort (Dorf, Stadt, Gegend, Landkreis, Land, oder Staat etc.) Deines frühsten bekannten patrilinearen (= direkter männlicher) Vorfahrens und Deiner frühsten bekannten matrilinearen (= direkte weibliche) Vorfahrin. Dieses hilft Uns allen, Verbindungen zwischen entfernten Verwandten der selben Familien wieder herzustellen, in anderen Worten, um Genealogie / Ahnenforschung zu betreiben.
23.) Everyone, whose family name / surname is "Schweitzer" or any of its variants, such as Schweizer, Switzer, Swizer, Swisher, Shveitser, Shveitzer, Shwisher, Shveiser, Shveizer, Shwizer, etc., is very much welcome to join The worldwide Schweitzer Family Name DNA Project. Since "Schweitzer" is a geographic name, which means "a person from Switzerland", it is certain that there are multiple founders of it. As of now, 10 unique founders have been identified: please see the "Y Results" Tab of the Schweitzer Surname Project. People with the family name Schweitzer are known to live in the following countries (in alphabetical order): Australia, Canada, Brasil, Ecuador, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Republiek van Suid-Afrika, Republic of South Africa, United Kingdom, USA, .... all of them are welcome to join this project. Thanks, Dirk.
24.) Alle, deren Familienname "Schweitzer" oder eine Variation davon ist, wie zum Beispiel Schweizer, Switzer, Swizer, Swisher, Shveitser, Shveitzer, Shwisher, Shveiser, Shveizer, Shwizer, etc., sind herzlich eingeladen dem weitweiten Schweitzer Familienname DNA Projekt beizutreten. Da "Schweitzer" ein geographischer Name ist, der "eine Person aus der Schweiz" bedeutet, ist es sicher, daβ es mehrere Gründer des Familiennames gab. Bis jetzt sind 10 verschiedene Gründer des Familiennames identifiziert worden: bitte sehe Dir diese unter dem "Y Results" Tab des Schweitzer Familiennamen Projektes an. Leute mit dem Familiennamen Schweitzer leben in den folgenden Ländern (in alphabetischer Reihenfolge): Australien, Brasilien, Deutschland, Ekuador, Frankreich, Israel, Italien, Kanada, Republik Südafrika, Ungarn, USA, Vereinigtes Königreich .... alle sind im Projekt willkommen. Danke, Dirk.
25-English.) Since the family name "Schweitzer" means "a person from Switzerland," one can draw the following conclusions: (a) the patrilinear ancestor lived at some time point between the years of 900 and 1100, that is the time period when surnames were assigned in cities in most of central Europe, in Southern Germany and (b) the patrilinear ancestor lived at some time point between the years of 800 and 1000 in Switzerland.
25-Deutsch.) Da der Familienname "Schweitzer" "eine Person aus der Schweiz" bedeutet, kann man folgende Schlussfolgerungen ziehen: (a) der patrilineare Vorfahre/Ahne hat zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zwischen den Jahren 900 und 1100, dieses ist die Zeitperiode während der Familiennamen in Städten in den meisten Gegenden Zentraleuropas eingeführt worden sind, in Süddeutschland gelebt und (b) der patrilineare Vorfahre hat zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt zwischen den Jahren 800 und 1000 in der Schweiz gelebt.
26.) "Your descendants / Nachfahren 50 to 100 years from now will find your birth certificate, your marriage license, your death certificate, and
your Census entries, but they will be very disappointed when they
don't find your DNA test results."
Dirk 
Y-DNA = E1b1b1a3* [formerly E3b1a3*]
[(M96+)-(P2+)-(M35+)-(M78+)-(V22+)-(M148-)-(V19-)]
Mt-DNA = J2
Y-DNA of maternal
grandfather = E1b1b1a2* [formerly E3b1a2*] [(M96+)-(P2+)-(M35+)-(M78+)-(V13+)-(V36+)-(M224-)-(V27-)]
Mt-DNA of paternal
grandmother = T2
A more detailed explanation can be found here:
http://www.dirkschweitzer.net/DNATestsEN.html.
Copyright @ Dirk-Ec, 2006-11-21
Why has this webpage so many s in it?
Because the Attention Span of people has declined to as little as 60 seconds due to television / TV-watching and Internet-surfing: "Ever on the lookout for engaging content, most online viewers spend less than 60 seconds at an average site." The result of any TV-watching at all or just looking at pictures on the internet, instead of reading the text, is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) / Hyperkinetic Disorder / Aufmerksamkeitsdefizitstörung / Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) / Aufmerksamkeitsdefizitsyndrom / Hyperaktivitätssyndrom / Hyperkinetische Störung (HKS). Thus, in order to increase the "stickiness / stickyness" of my webpage, I need to include s in regular intervals to entertain my visitors: "if a website has stickiness, it will keep your attention glued to that site rather than let you click on another one as your competitor is just one click away."
"Genealogy websites are now the second most commonly visited on the internet after pornography."
Here is my tiny contribution to this statistics:
